Gothic art sculpture and painting Characteristics of Gothic architecture Brick Gothic Sequence of Gothic Styles England Gothic styles Gothic revival The 20th century and beyond
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Sequence of Gothic Styles: France

The designations of styles in French Gothic architecture are as follows:

Early Gothic
High Gothic
Rayonnant
Late Gothic or Flamboyant style

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These divisions are effective, but debatable. Because Gothic cathedrals were built over several successive periods, each period not necessarily following the wishes of previous periods, the dominant architectural style changes throughout a particular building. Consequently, it is often difficult to declare one building as a member of a certain era of Gothic architecture. It is more useful to use the terms as descriptors for specific elements within a structure, rather than applying it to the building as a whole.

Early Gothic:

The East end of the Abbey Church of St Denis

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High Gothic:

Amiens Cathedral
The main body of Chartres Cathedral
Notre-Dame of Laon
Notre Dame de Paris
Reims Cathedral
Rayonnant:
The nave of the Abbey Church of St Denis

Late Gothic:

The north tower of Chartres Cathedral
The rose window of Amiens Cathedral
The west facade of the Rouen Cathedral
Church of St. Maclou, Rouen.
The south transept of the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais

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French neo-Gothic

French neo-Gothic had its roots in a minor aspect of Anglomanie, starting in the late 1780s. In 1816, when French scholar Alexandre de Laborde said "Gothic architecture has beauties of its own," the idea was novel to most French readers. Starting in 1828, Alexandre Brogniart, the director of the Sèvres porcelain manufactory, produced fired enamel paintings on large panes of plate glass, for Louis-Philippe's royal chapel at Dreux. It would be hard to find a large, significant commission in Gothic taste that preceded this one, save for some Gothic features in a handful of jardins à l'anglaise.

The French Gothic revival was set on sounder intellectual footings by a pioneer, Arcisse de Caumont, who founded the Societé des Antiquaires de Normandy at a time when antiquaire still meant a connoisseur of antiquities, and who published his great work on Norman architecture in 1830 (Summerson 1948). The following year Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris appeared, in which the great Gothic cathedral of Paris was at once a setting and a protagonist in a hugely popular work of fiction. In the same year the new French monarchy established a post of Inspector-General of Ancient Monuments, a post filled in 1833 by Prosper Merimée, who became the secretary of a new Commission des Monuments Historiques in 1837. This was the Commission that instructed Eugène Viollet-le-Duc to report on the condition of the abbey of Vézelay in 1840.

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Meanwhile, in Germany, interest in the Cologne Cathedral, which had begun construction in 1248 and was still unfinished at the time of the revival, began to reappear. The 1820s Romantic movement brought back interest, and work began once more in 1824, significantly marking a German return of Gothic architecture.

Because of Romantic nationalism in the early 19th century, the Germans, French and English all claimed the original Gothic architecture of the 12th century as originating in their own country. The English boldly coined the term "Early English" for Gothic, a term that implied Gothic architecture was an English creation. In his 1832 edition of Notre Dame de Paris Victor Hugo said "Let us inspire in the nation, if it is possible, love for the national architecture", implying that Gothic was France's national heritage. In Germany with the completion of Cologne Cathedral in the 1880s, at the time the world's tallest building, the cathedral was seen as the height of Gothic architecture. In Florence, the Duomo's façade was demolished in 1587-1588, and stood bare until 1864, when a competition was held to design a new facade suitable to Arnolfo di Cambio's structure and the fine campanile next to it. This competition was won by Emilio De Fabris, and work on his polychrome design and panels of mosaic was begun in 1876 and completed in 1887.
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Gothic architecture Gothic art sculpture and painting Characteristics of Gothic architecture Brick Gothic Sequence of Gothic Styles England Gothic styles Gothic revival The 20th century and beyond